Barano PhD Candidate Sulistyawan

Attempting to apply a sustainable landscape approach as a framework to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target is a challenge for each country in the tropical region. This dissertation aims to reveal a pattern for implementing the approach through two main research questions, i.e., 1) How can sustainable land use in tropical forest landscapes be promoted to achieve national SDGs in the context of spatial planning? 2) What adaptations in current policies and institutions are needed to achieve sustainable land use in tropical forest landscapes? Especially, to transform green principles and enable policies for a sustainable development strategy in implementing a spatial planning regulation. Indonesia as megadiversity country both marine and terrestrial in tropical region has ratified the UN-SDGs agreement. To respond to these global goals, the Indonesian government identified 21 priority sectors as a target for a green economy. However, the effort for improving the implementation of spatial planning regulation is still highly uncertain due to political will, lack of good governance and knowledge gap. Although Indonesia spatial planning law No.26/2007 (revised under omnibus law No.11/ 2020 on job creation subchapter spatial planning) regulated four building blocks of the spatial planning framework, namely 1) arrangement of legal umbrella regarding spatial planning; 2) coaching the performance of spatial planning; 3) the implementation of spatial arrangement is consists of the plan-making process (perencanaan ruang), development promotion/ space utilisation (pemanfaatan ruang) and controls the space utilisation (pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang); 4) supervision of spatial planning involves monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. Nevertheless, the knowledge gap in the implementation of spatial planning at the landscape scale for maintaining tropical forest and ecosystem services to underpin green economy is still a big question. The implementation of spatial planning could be applied within the framework of the jurisdiction (such district, province, and national) and strategic area (such as certain landscape for environmental issue, economic zone, cultural areas, high technology area and defence zone). Hence, this dissertation can contribute to enriching the current literature. For greening the implementation of spatial planning in the tropical landscape. This dissertation described the Indonesia spatial framework context in chapter 2. To address the research questions above by providing the results of four case studies in two places (i.e., in Merauke district, Papua province) described in chapter 3 and corridor RIMBA (Riau, Jambi and Sumatera Barat) in central Sumatera) explained in chapter 4, 5 and 6. The various cases studies in this dissertation have been showing and illuminating how to green the implementation of spatial planning through 1) obtains a political will for integrating community important areas in the plan-making process, 2) provides knowledge for enhancing the environmental quality for connecting fragmented habitat, 3) understands of valuing the forest rehabilitation for provisioning water as part of development promotion/ space utilisation, 4) strengthens governance and institutionalization of landscape planning as a role of control the space utilisation. Briefly, each research results described below. 2nd chapter: This chapter describes Indonesia green policy based on a green economy approach and SDG framework. Furthermore, the chapter Illuminates the spatial planning in Indonesia context, regarding the history of spatial planning evolution, the spatial planning system and the island spatial planning approach. The pathway toward greening the implementation of spatial planning in Indonesia is also discussed. The last sub-section deals briefly with problems of spatial planning that need to be addressed in the RIMBA corridor landscape and Merauke district as case studies. 3rd chapter: A case study for integrating community land into spatial planning in Merauke district In general, the spatial planning process in the Indonesian context, especially the plan-making process, inadequately considers the community areas in terms of their land use practices in spatial planning policy. Though innumerable studies into the participatory mapping of community lands have occurred, their results have been insignificantly integrated into spatial planning regulation (SPR). Therefore, this study focusses to address the first block of the research question in the plan-making process of spatial planning regulation (called Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah / RTRW) of Merauke district. The study approach to demonstrate how participatory mapping results can be integrated into SPR. There are three phases to the process of combining PGIS with Spatial Planning Regulation - the first was to develop a shared vision between the communities and district government, and commitment from both parties to use the result in further planning processes. The second was to facilitate the participatory GIS process which was conducted by the community, and the final phase was to integrate the important community areas into the spatial planning regulation. The main result from this study indicated that the total area adopted by the RTRW was about 69% of important community area designated as cultural preservation areas. The rest of the important community areas were merged into land use allocations within two categories - that of protected areas (22%) and development areas (9%). In this case, 91% of the community areas were secured from other land use purposes for agriculture, mining, forestry, and infrastructure. The PGIS result can be used for plan-making process and replicated elsewhere for establishing an inclusion in the spatial planning process. 4th chapter: A case for connecting the fragmented habitat of large mammals in corridor RIMBA Sumatra is well known as a habitat for large mammals such as elephants, tigers, tapirs, honey bears, rhinos, and primates. However, the trend of wildlife habitat fragmentation in Sumatra continues as a result of anthropogenic activities on the development of linear infrastructure and land use changes, which are often implemented as part of spatial planning policies. In this case study, we expand upon an existing approach to design wildlife corridors through habitat quality assessment. The study applied several models, including the Habitat Quality model from the software program Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and delineating the wildlife pathway using a Corridor Design model. The habitat quality model of InVEST was used for assessing the remaining habitat as wildland blocks, so that it can contribute to enhanced corridor design of fragmented wildlife habitat. The assessment of habitat quality covered a part of Riau, Jambi and West Sumatra provinces of central Sumatra Island. The output of the habitat quality model was used as an input to delineate the wildlife pathway connectivity. The result of the corridor design was described as a protected area network. Further, we evaluate the protected area network with the Maxent model. The final result was used to identify the target segment of roads that cross the protected area network. The main finding was that there were 20 wildland blocks, and the total area of the corridor modelled, including wildland blocks, was calculated as about 0.77 million hectares. We have obtained an accurate quantitative measurement of the length of roads crossing the corridor, with a total of 417.78 km (artery 10.31 km; collector 19.52 km; and local 1987.9 km roads). This approach can contribute to improving space quality in the development promotion phase. Furthermore, the information can be used for evaluating a plan-making process. In addition, the method can be replicated in other corridors in Sumatra and other islands. 5th chapter: A case for valuing the policy for improving the protected forest Bukit Batabuh for water services, in corridor RIMBA Development promotion for maintaining the protected forests as a corridor is required for additional justification to be accepted by the community and policy decision-making. In common perceptions, investing to improve the forest cover such as protected forest is an additional cost and intangible benefit. There is a trade-off between protecting and using the development budget for other purposes. Hence, we conducted a household survey living in surrounding Bukit Batabuh to obtain community preference regarding the benefit of protected forest. Furthermore, to enhance the argument for improving the forest cover of Bukit Batabuh this area also functions as the main part of the RIMBA corridor. This study conducted a choice experiment model, a variant of the choice modelling method which is a powerful approach for valuing the non-market product of environmental goods and services to inform policymakers. We conducted a case study on community preference in implementation of spatial planning policy in the Bukit Batabuh protected forest of the RIMBA corridor landscape, Central Sumatra. The study contributes to enhancing development promotion in implementing of spatial planning policy in the forest sector. The important development shows the community living near the protected forest Bukit Batabuh benefits due to improved upstream watershed and water storage management by the forestry sector. The highest aggregate benefit to the surrounding communities is attached to restore riparian forest at US$ 2,473,851 (per year) by the total protected area or to approximately US$ 30,1 per ha, with a rehabilitated upper water catchment US$ 2,604,848 (per year) by the total protected area, or to approximately US$ 31,6 per ha, with improved water storage management US$ 2,705,413 (per year). However, the study does not consider outsider respondents who receive indirect benefits from improved water services from the protected forest. Nonetheless, the approach of the choice experiment can be used to convince the decision-makers of development promotion/ space utilisation and be replicated in other places. 6th chapter: A case study on governance and institutionalise the corridor RIMBA landscape Landscape governance is challenging for establishing landscape conservation to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in a broader perspective while at the same time addressing economic aspect, social and climate change issue. Hence, landscape governance is becoming a question to be defined in the specific context in controls of space utilisation in implementation of spatial planning. This case study aims to extend the current approach governing biodiversity and ecosystem services in the corridor landscape through focus group discussion, questionnaires and analysing with a context diagnostic tool. The primary output of the five focus group discussions (FGDs), the questionnaires and analysis used a context diagnostic approach (CDA) tool to explore the institutional setting of corridor RIMBA (Riau, Jambi and Sumatera Barat) landscape. Five elements of spatial planning were clearly defined, such as requiring an appropriate regulation, such as presidential decree, governor decree or head of district decree; tasks, functions, authority, funding sources, core business and competency. The limitations of a CDA are that needs to make a specific question are further based on the local context and an objective. This approach can be used for other corridor landscapes in Sumatra Island and other islands in Indonesia to establish a governance model for biodiversity and ecosystem services at the landscape level. The main conclusions of this dissertation were that greening the implementation of spatial planning is best thought of as a lifecycle of the development process. These approaches could be a benefit for the government agencies, universities, CSOs and other actors to use the tools and techniques for enriching the spatial planning contents referred to standard data and coherent with the planning time schedule. Further, the community important areas or traditional land use required to be documented appropriately for aligning in the plan-making process. Space quality can be improved through the rehabilitation of wildlife habitat connections and the forest cover. The outcome of this effort can contribute to maintaining the wildlife home range, and the community can benefit from water provision as a part of the development promotion phase. The last, robust governance and institutionalisation of the RIMBA corridor landscape is required to control space utilisation and, at the same time, to strengthen the evaluation of the plan-making process and development promotion. The business sector can use the green economy objective as a green model for applying sustainable principles within a certification scheme, better management practices and sustainable land use that those aspects are regulated under spatial planning policy. It is important to build green entrepreneur capacity and manage the knowledge for greening the implementation of spatial planning. The communities could be inspired by the case in Merauke for securing their land within the spatial planning regulation. To obtain political will and recognition by the authority for maintaining their land to fulfil their livelihood and cultural activities.